Grain morphological traits and genetic variability of upland rice genotypes

Samuel FERRARI; Matheus Luís Oliveira CUNHA; Vagner do NASCIMENTO; Alex Mendonça de CARVALHO; Evandro Pereira PRADO; Gabriele Ferreira CAMPOS; Ronaldo da Silva VIANA; Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de FIGUEIREDO; Lais Sega TREVIZAN; Carolina dos Santos Batista BONINI

doi:10.5016/1984-5529.2026.v54.1522

Autores/as

Samuel FERRARI Unes-Campus de Dracena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-204X
Matheus Luís Oliveira CUNHA
Vagner do NASCIMENTO https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-203X
Alex Mendonça de CARVALHO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-1318
Evandro Pereira PRADO https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-0471
Gabriele Ferreira CAMPOS
Ronaldo da Silva VIANA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-5092
Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de FIGUEIREDO https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4505-6975
Lais Sega TREVIZAN
Carolina dos Santos Batista BONINI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-3263

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5016/1984-5529.2026.v54.1522

Palabras clave:

Oryza sativa, Análisis de racimos, evaluación de granos

Resumen

La forma del grano se caracteriza por una combinación de longitud de grano, ancho de grano, razón longitud-ancho de grano y espesor de grano que divergen según el cultivar de arroz. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar en granos de genotipos de arroz de secano los caracteres morfológicos e identificar la divergencia genética entre ellos, utilizando técnicas de agrupamiento jerárquico y no jerárquico. El experimento se llevó a cabo en bloques aleatorios, con 42 genotipos de arroz de secano. Los siguientes parámetros se determinaron con un calibrador digital en una muestra de 20 granos de arroz paddy por parcela: ancho de grano (mayor dimensión lateral), astucia del grano (menor dimensión lateral), longitud de grano (distancia entre puntas) y GLGW= razón longitud-ancho. Los datos se sometieron primero a la prueba F (p<0,05) y a la prueba de comparación múltiple de Scott-Knott a p<0,01 y p<0,05. Se elaboró un correlograma de la relación lineal de Pearson y se realizó un análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas, utilizando un método jerárquico y uno no jerárquico en el software R Core Team versión 4.0.2. Se concluyó que existe una alta divergencia genética entre los genotipos de arroz de secano. Los genotipos OSVR15029 y OSVR15044 presentan características similares a las del cultivar IAC 202. Estos genotipos, con granos clasificados como largos y delgados, satisfacen las preferencias nacionales y pueden utilizarse en programas de mejoramiento genético del arroz de secano.

Citas

Araújo, E. S., de Souza, S. R., and M. S. Fernandes, 2003. Morphological and molecular characteristics and protein accumulation in grains of rice varieties from Maranhão. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 38(11): 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2003001100005

Batista, C. D. S. 2019. Development of quick-cooking brown rice: physico-chemical, technological properties and starch digestibility (Doctoral dissertation), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas.

Bonow, S., Von Pinho, É. V. R., Soares, A. A., and S. S. Júnior. 2007. Morphological characterization of rice cultivars aiming at certification of varietal purity. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 31(3): 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542007000300004

Boêno, J. A., Ascheri, D. P., and P. Z. Bassinello. 2011. Technological quality of grains from four red rice genotypes. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 15(7): 718-723. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662011000700010

Bussab, W. D. O., Miazaki, É. S., and D. F. D. Andrade. 2015. Introdução à análise de agrupamento. In Introdução à análise de agrupamento (pp. 105-105).

Carvalho, M. N. 2020. Selection of maize genotypes with forage potential in the high sertão of Sergipe: a multivariate approach. Doctoral dissertation. Universidade Federal do Sergipe, Santo Antônio da Glória.

Cruz, C.D. and Regazzi. Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. Viçosa: Editora UFV, 2004. 480 p.

Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., Niknafs, A., and M. M. Charrad. 2014. Package ‘nbclust’. Journal of Statistical Softwer, 61: 1-36.

https://10.18637/jss.v061.i06

Facchinello, P. H. K. 2017. Genetic parameters and correlations for grain quality characters in irrigated rice. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas.

Fan, C., Xing, Y., Mao, H., Lu, T., Han, B., Xu, C., and Q. Zhang, 2006. GS3, a major QTL for grain length and weight and minor QTL for grain width and thickness in rice, encodes a putative transmembrane protein. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112(6): 1164-1171. https://10.1007/s00122-006-0218-1

Feng, Y., Lu, Q., Zhai, R., Zhang, M., Xu, Q., Yang, Y., and Y. Wang. 2016. Genome wide association mapping for grain shape traits in indica rice. Planta, 244(4): 819-830. https://10.1007/s00425-016-2548-9

Food, F. A. O. 2018. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: statistics database. Retrieved on april 15, 2020 from: http://faostat.fao.org.

Food, F. A. O. 2023. Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations; Retrivied on february 10, 2023. From: http://www.fao.org.

Ferrari S, Pagliari P, Trettel J (2018) Optimum sowing date and genotype testing for upland rice production in Brazil. Scientific Reports 8(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26628-6

Ferrari S, do Valle Polycarpo G, Vargas PF, Fernandes AM, Cunha MLO, Pagliari P (2021) Mix of trinexapac-ethyl and nitrogen application to reduce upland rice plant height and increase yield. Plant Growth Regulation 96:209-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00770-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00770-0

Ferrari S, Cunha, MLO, do Valle Polycarpo G, Zied DC, Oliveira LCA, Furlani Júnior E (2022) Genotypic variation in grain nutritional content and agronomic traits of upland rice: strategy to reduce hunger and malnutrition. Cereal Research Communications 50, 1155-1163 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-022-00257-2

Gupta, A., Rico-Medina, A., and A. I. Caño-Delgado 2020. The physiology of plant responses to drought. Science, 368(6488): 266-269. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7614

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. and R. L. Tatham. 2009. Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman Editora,

Jeong, O. Y., Baek, M. K., Bombay, M., Ancheta, M. B., and, J. H. Lee. 2020. Evaluation of the optimal harvest time of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different grain shapes grown in the Philippines. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 1-8. https://10.1007/s12892-020-00048-3

Lebart L, Morineau A, M. Piron 2000. Statistique exploratoire multidimensionnelle. Dunod, Paris, France

Li, J., Guo, H., Lou, Q., Lou, Q., Zeng, Y., Gou, Z., Xu, P., Gu, Y., Gao, S., Xu, B., Ye, W., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Ma, W., Chen, C., Li, J. 2025. Natural variation of indels in the CTB3 promoter confers cold tolerance in japonica rice. Natural Communications 16, 1613. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56992-7

Mantel, N. 1963. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extension of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 58: 690-700. https://doi.org/10.2307/2282717

Oliveira, T. R. A. 2019. Biplot analysis on the performance of green beans and inoculation of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Doctoral dissertation. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes.

Soares, A. P., Camargos, S. L. 2009. Grain morphology and protein quality in red rice varieties. Agrarian, 2(4): 31-40.

Pereira, J. A., Rangel, P. H. N. 2001. Yield and quality of irrigated rice grains in Piauí. Ciência e Agrotecnologia., 25: 569-575.

Rocha, G., Menezes, B. R. S., Braz, L. A., Lima, R. H. P., Romeiro, R. J. C., and L. B. Moreira, 2020. Morphoagronomic traits in main harvest and ratoonand track analysis in special rice types. Revista Cultura Agronômica, 29(1): 38-49. https://0.32929/2446-8355.2020v29n1p38-49

Sumanth, V., Suresh, B. G., Ram, B. J., and G. Srujana. 2017. Estimation of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for grain yield components in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4): 1437-1439.

Sun, P., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., He, Q., Shu, F., Liu, H., and H. Deng 2016. OsGRF4 controls grain shape, panicle length and seed shattering in rice. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 58(10): 836-847. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12473

Suwannaporn, P., Linnemann, A. 2008. Rice‐eating quality among consumers in different rice grain preference countries. Journal of Sensory Studies., 23(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2007.00129.x

Tan, Y. F., Xing, Y. Z., Li, J. X., Yu, S. B., Xu, C. G., and Q. Zhang. 2000. Genetic bases of appearance quality of rice grains in Shanyou 63, an elite rice hybrid. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 101: 823–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051549

Wang, W., Pan, Q., Tian, B., He, F., Chen, Y., Bai, G., and E. Akhunov, E. 2019. Gene editing of the wheat homologs of TONNEAU 1‐recruiting motif encoding gene affects grain shape and weight in wheat. The Plant Journal. 100(2): 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14440

Xu, X., Zhang, M., Xu, Q., Feng, Y., Yuan, X., Yu, H., and Y. Yang. 2020. Quantitative trait loci identification and genetic diversity analysis of panicle structure and grain shape in rice. Plant Growth Regulation. 90(1): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-019-00549-4

Yadav, B. K., Jindal,V. K. 2007. Dimensional changes in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) kernel during cooking in relation to its physicochemical properties by image analysis. Journal of Food Engineering. 81(4):710-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.01.005

Yang, L. V., Yueying, W. A. N. G., Jahan, N. O. U. S. H. I. N., Haitao, H. U., Ping, C. H. E. N., Lianguang, S. H. A. N. G., and Q. I. A. N. Qian. 2019. Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Allelic Mining of Grain Shape-Related Traits in Rice. Rice Science. 26(6): 384-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2018.09.002

Zhang, Q., Wu, R., Hong, T. Wang, D., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Zhou, K., Yang, H., Liu, J. X., Wang, N., Ling, Y., Yang, Z., He, G., Zhao, F. 2024. Natural variation in the promoter of qRBG1/OsBZR5 underlies enhanced rice yield. Nature Communications. 15: 8565. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52928-9

Zhao, D. S., Li, Q. F., Zhang, C. Q., Zhang, C., Yang, Q. Q., Pan, L. and, Q. Q. Liu. 2018. GS9 acts as a transcriptional activator to regulate rice grain shape and appearance quality. Nature Communications. 9(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03616-y

Zhou, Q. Y., An, H., Zhang, Y., and F.C Shen. 2000. Study on heredity of morphological character of rice grain. Journal of Southwest Agriculture Univsity. 22: 102–104.